Ashwagandha (Sanskrit for “smell of the horse”) is an herb that has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for millennia and has recently become popular in the West as a nootropic. Though its scientific name is Withania somnifera, ashwagandha goes by other names, like winter cherry (because it kind of looks like a cherry wearing a jacket) and Indian ginseng (because they have restorative properties in common). Though it is most often listed as ashwagandha on nootropic nutritional information, don’t be surprised if you occasionally see it called something else.

Ashwagandha is an adaptogen, which means that it belongs to the family of natural compounds that some scientists believe can block the physical effects of stress. Some studies suggest that ashwagandha can help reduce anxiety and decrease cortisol concentration levels, so it’s become a hot commodity in the nootropics world.

Is Ashwagandha Good for the Brain?

Ashwagandha is linked to decreased anxiety, reduced rates of depression and insomnia, and an immunosuppresive effect of stress. Better sleep, greater resiliency, and improved mood are all positive improvements reported by some users, so it has the potential to be good for the brain. There is even some preliminary evidence to suggest that ashwagandha could fight Alzheimer’s disease by lowering LDL cholesterol levels, though more research is needed in that regard. Ashwagandha may also boost athletic ability in athletes. Let’s unpack these claims so you can decide if ashwagandha is a good fit for your stack.

Photo: Ashwagandha, via Chopra.com

Ashwagandha contains both sitoindosides and acylsterylglucosides, compounds which have been shown to work well as de-stressers in trials. When you are too stressed, you sleep poorly, and when you sleep poorly, you become more stressed. It’s a vicious cycle that can lead to decreased memory skills, poor reaction times, and a harder time learning new things. Bad sleep or a lack of sleep puts you at an increased risk for anxiety and depression, and it also depresses your immune system, giving you that “run down” feeling we all dread. Ashwagandha, by way of the compounds it contains, may help decrease the amount of stress you experience, allowing you to have better sleep and an improved outlook.

Ashwagandha has historically been used as an anti-inflammatory, and there’s some modern medical evidence to support its use for that. Decreased inflammation can lead to less of the baseline pain that makes it harder to get out of bed in the morning, harder to concentrate on tasks, and harder to enjoy being active. Ashwagandha isn’t strong enough to take the place of a prescription pain medication, and it shouldn’t replace any course of medical treatment without consulting with a medical professional.

Photo: Ashwagandha by A. Donato via Sloan Kettering

Lastly, let’s look at how ashwagandha has been linked to improved endurance and athletic performance. One study showed that mice given ashwagandha could swim for nearly twice as long as the untreated group, indicating that it might have the same impact on people. There’s no limit to the benefits aerobic exercise can bring; it’s been linked to improved cognition, longer life spans, decreased cholesterol, and even better outcomes with degenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s. Preliminary and anecdotal evidence suggests that ashwagandha might be able to help you in endurance-related activities.

Where Can I Get Ashwagandha?

Standalone ashwagandha supplements are available in the form of teas, tinctures, and tablets, but since the research suggests you need a few hundred milligrams per day to achieve optimal results, the best bet may be to take it in a capsule form alongside your meals. Check out Cognitex, which is a great nootropic blend for a first-time user, and Shroom TECH, which some people say helps with fatigue.

Have you tried ashwagandha? Did you find it help you manage stress? Tell us how you added it to your stack in the comments.

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What Is Rhodiola Rosea?

Rhodiola rosea (also called king’s crown, lignum rhodium, rose root, and Arctic root) is a perennial flowering plant grown in colder parts of the world. It often grows on seaside cliffs and up in the mountains, so it’s often found in the Alps, the British Isles, and the Pyrenees. According to some users and several studies, rhodiola rosea is purported to help combat fatigue and depression. It has also been used to prevent altitude sickness in some folk medicine traditions. If there is a rhodiola rosea plant growing nearby, some people even like to mix the leaves in their salads.

Some users say that rhodiola rosea can help manage fatigue, but others report that it can be effective in combating anxiety. With different outcomes possible, experiment with taking your rhodiola rosea at a variety of times to get the results you want.

When Should I Take Rhodiola Rosea?

There is some evidence that rhodiola rosea’s efficacy can decrease if you take it each day. Your body may build up a tolerance over time, so you’ll need to take more and more to get the same effect. The good news is that even amounts as low as 50 milligrams have been shown to improve your subjective well-being and endurance, so you don’t need much to get started. Unfortunately, anything over 600 milligrams can increase your platelet count, causing bruising or worse, so don’t overdo it. Take rhodiola rosea just when you need its effects rather than as part of a daily stack.

Rhodiola rosea stacks well with Eleutherococcus senticosus and Schisandra chinensis, both of which are adaptogens traditionally used to increase performance and cognition. When stacked together, each can work in concert to improve your mental and physical stamina. Rhodiola rosea has also been shown to have a mildly stimulating effect, like caffeine, so if decreasing physical and mental fatigue is the goal you have in mind, take it in the morning so it doesn’t impact your sleep.

Other users find that rhodiola rosea helps them manage their anxiety and makes them feel a little more mellow. If your body responds in this way, some research suggests that you should take your rhodiola rosea about an hour before a stressful event.

Some users find it effective to stack their rhodiola rosea with caffeine to enhance the effects of both. If that’s you, take your rhodiola rosea alongside your morning coffee or with a supplement that includes caffeine in the blend.

As with any nootropic, outcomes vary significantly, and the science is still catching up with the anecdotal evidence. Manage your expectations, and talk to your doctor before you add rhodiola rosea or any other supplement to your diet.

Where Can I Get Rhodiola Rosea?

Rhodiola rosea extract is widely available; Solaray, for example, is a reputable company that makes a pill-form supplement many users like. You can also get rhodiola rosea in a variety of nootropic blends, like Neurofuse (a supplement our reviewers enjoyed) and the always popular Nootrobox RISE.

Have you tried rhodiola rosea? Did you feel less tired and sharper? What did you stack it with? Tell us in the comments.

Photos:

1. Rhodiola Rosea Flowers by WildBoar, via Wikimedia Commons.
2. Rhodiola rosea. by Botanischer Garten TU Darmstat via Flickr. 

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Noopept is a brand name for a synthetic nootropic molecule that is called N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester in scientific circles; no wonder they came up with a shorter version for lay people! It has been commonly prescribed in Russia, where it was developed, for several decades and has only recently made its way into the American market as a nootropic.

It’s similar in effect and structure to Piracetam, a class of compounds that can provide a small cognitive boost in some users, but it is significantly more potent, up to a thousand times more than similar supplements on the market. This allows users to achieve results similar Piracetam with a much smaller dosage of Noopept.

Right now, the evidence of its efficacy as a nootropic is mostly anecdotal, but some preliminary studies suggest (and some users report!) better memory, more fluid conversations, and an easier time learning new things. There is also evidence to indicate that Noopept could help heal the brains of stroke victims, but more research is needed.

How does Noopept work?

Like a lot of nootropics, its exact mechanisms of action aren’t completely clear. Since Noopept is generally taken orally, it enters your system through your GI tract. It activates when the body metabolizes Noopept into cycloproylglycine. From there, three things may happen: Noopept increases oxygen within the brain, it increases the glucose metabolism of the brain, and it travels to glutamate receptor sites. Noopept acts fast, peak efficacy is about fifteen to twenty minutes after ingestion.

Increasing the oxygen in the brain helps you feel clearer, which may explain why a lot of users report feeling less foggy and sharper when they take Noopept. In the same way short bursts of exercise can help in the immediate with higher brain functions like impulse control and inhibition by supplying a jolt of oxygen, it’s possible that Noopept could kick your brain into high gear temporarily.

Since the brain feeds on glucose, the improved metabolism Noopept may provide gives it more energy to feed on, freeing the brain up and making it more focused and clearer.

Studies suggest Noopept can also help to slow the breakdown of glutamate. Glutamate is a neurotransmittor in charge of excitatory signals and is responsible for most aspects of normal brain function, like memory, learning, and cognition. Noopept binds with glutamate receptor sites to inhibit glutamate’s collapse. Noopept also energizes the receptor sites during this process so that they’re more sensitive to glutamate and activate more quickly.

With Noopept, as with any supplement, it’s very important to manage your expectations for what it can and can’t do. Right now, the research suggests Noopept may be most beneficial to brains that have been somehow harmed, whether that be as a result of a stroke, a degenerative disease, or a traumatic brain injury. For unimpaired brains, the effects seem to vary a lot from user to user. Some people report little to no impact, while others experience slight boosts in memory, and still others find their cognitive abilities significantly increased.

Where do I get Noopept?

Many users choose to take Noopept by itself, but if you’d rather take Noopept as part of a more complete nootropic blend, Lumonol includes a significant amount of Noopept in the mix. Between ten and thirty milligrams a day for up to 56 days is considered safe since it’s not intended to be part of a long-term daily routine. Instead, use Noopept when you feel you need an extra boost. Taking too much can have some undesired effects, like short-term memory loss, and taking it for too long can diminish its ability to impact your brain chemistry. Stick to the recommended dose for best results.

Have you taken Noopept? Did you find it made your memory stronger? Did it make you more conversationally fluent? Tell us about your experiences in the comments.

Photo: Noopept, by Benrr101, via Wikimedia Commons.

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Bacopa Monnieri growing on the beach.

Bacopa monnieri may also influence the cells that help with brain regeneration by decreasing the oxidative stress that free radicals can have, which could make it appealing for people with brain injuries as well as those concerned about the impact of aging and time on the brain. There are some studies that suggest bacopa monnieri can help decrease the inflammation of the brain that comes with aging and improve outcomes for Alzheimer’s patients. With potential benefits numbering in the dozens, bacopa monnieri has widespread appeal and is suitable variety of users.

What does bacopa monnieri stack with?

The first thing to take into consideration is that, for some users, bacopa monnieri has been known to cause gastrointestinal problems when taken on an empty stomach. For the sake of your belly, don’t forget that it stacks first and foremost with food! Since bacopa monnieri is fat soluble, try taking it alongside a meal that has includes healthy fats. Think avocado toast, buttered coffee, or a smear of almond butter on an apple.

When stacked alongside other supplements, bacopa monnieri may have benefits ranging from upping cognitive abilities to decreasing stress, may experience a different outcome depending on what else you’re taking.

If improving your memory and feeling less anxious is what you’re hoping this supplement can do for you, try bacopa monnieri with the supplement Protadim. Protadim includes milk thistle, curcumin, green tea catechins, and ashwagandha. The study linking the positive effects of this stack also indicated you may get some of the benefits with just one or two of the compounds found in Protadim, so if they’re already in the mix for you, all the better. Keep in mind that most users report that these benefits can take a few weeks of continuous use to show up, so be patient. During that time, some people have decreased motivation and a little trouble getting to sleep, so the adjustment period can be a little bit tricky.

Another name-brand supplement, Perment, stacks bacopa monnieri with asparagus, ashwagandha, and clitoria ternatea. Some research suggests that this combination may relieve symptoms of depression naturally. While there’s evidence of the link between taking this supplement and diminishing the symptoms of depression, the effect won’t be complete, so don’t consider this a standalone treatment. Anticipate minor reductions in your symptoms. This shouldn’t take the place of an antidepressant that your doctor prescribes, but if you’re interested in trying an Ayurvedic approach alongside a Western one, ask your healthcare provider about this.

There’s some data to suggest bacopa monniere stacked with yohimbine can help to dull your perception of pain if you take a high dose, and conjecture that a cocktail of bacopa monnieri and caffeine may hinder stress-inducing dopamine spikes.

Where can I get Bacopa Monnieri?

In addition to the supplements Protadim and Perment, you’ll find bacopa monnieri in Nootrobox’s RISE supplement, where it’s stacked with rhodiola rosea and Alpha-GPC. Some research and anecdotal evidence suggests this combination can improve your memory and resiliency. The standard dose for bacopa monnieri is about 300mg per day in many nootropic stacks.

Have you tried bacopa monnieri? What do you stack yours with? Tell us in the comments!

Photo: Bacopa Monnieri by Forest & Kim Star via Wikimedia Commons.

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What Is Rhodiola Rosea?

Rhodiola rosea is a flowering plant that grows year-round in cold regions all over the world. It’s been found in Canada, the United States, England, Ireland, and Austria, and it goes by many names. You may see it listed as king’s crown, Arctic root, lingum rhodium, rose root, or golden root, but it will most often appear in supplement ingredient lists by its most common name, rhodiola rosea.

Over the centuries, rhodiola rosea has been used to treat a vast array of ailments, but today, it’s most commonly found in nootropic blends designed to decrease fatigue. Since rhodiola rosea can have both positive mental and physical effects, it’s a high-value aspect of many nootropics users’ stacks.

What Does Rhodiola Rosea Stack Well With?

Rhodiola rosea pairs well with a variety of common nootropics like Siberian ginseng, St. John’s wort, lemonwood, and cranberry water extract.

Many users have found that stacking Siberian ginseng or lemonwood and rhodiola rosea can help manage stress. There’s also some research that suggests it can have an adaptogenic impact on the body, limiting the amount of stress the system experiences in less-than-ideal situations. There’s even some research suggesting a link to this particular combination and a longer lifespan, though it’s still in the preliminary phases.

St. John’s wort can help curb appetite and may prevent binge eating when paired with rhodiola rosea. Many users find that when they’re trying to diet or struggling with overeating, adding rhodiola rosea to their stacks can help stymie hunger.

Rhodiola Rosea growing on the mountains. (photo via Wikimedia)

Rhodiola rosea is considered safe, and for most people to take, but some research suggests that taking too much can increase the risk of elevated platelet counts. Ask your doctor if rhodiola rosea is a good fit for your overall lifestyle before you start taking it.

Where Can I Get Rhodiola Rosea?

There are many rhodiola rosea supplements on the market today. Some nootropics users like to take a stand-alone rhodiola rosea supplement. Our reviewers tried the one Solaray made and liked it. Still other nootropics users like to take rhodiola rosea in the form of a supplement blend. The popular RISE by Nootrobox contains rhodiola rosea, as does Neurofuse. Both try to help improve cognition and stack rhodiola rosea with other supplements purported to do the same.

Have you taken rhodiola rosea? What did you stack it with? Tell us about your experience in the comments.

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Vinpocetine is a very common semisynthetic derivative of an extract from the periwinkle plant. It was developed in Hungary as a pharmaceutical drug for treating a variety of brain-related concerns, like strokes and epilepsy. It isn’t available in the United States as a pharmaceutical-grade drug, but it’s often sold as a nootropic supplement. Most people who take vinpocetine use it because it may improve memory and cerebral metabolism.

How Does Vinpocetine Work?

In a nootropic context, vinpocetine is typically taken by mouth, so it’s absorbed quickly into the bloodstream, which carries it to the brain. Once it’s in your system, it works to reduce neural inflammation and enhance neuroprotection against toxins or excess stimulation. This protection from stress can help decrease cognitive decline that comes with age. This means it can help improve reaction times, for example. Some users report that this helps them improve their memories.

Some studies on vinpocetine are done with vinpocetine infusions, which makes it hard to know exactly what will happen when you take it orally. In some of these intravenous studies, vinpocetine seems to improve blood flow to the brain, which could help to reduce headaches (and is in line with some of the more traditional uses of periwinkle in complementary medicine). There are no studies linking reduced headaches when you take vinpocetine orally, but some users do report feeling better.

All of these effects can be pronounced, with some studies suggesting that vinpocetine could even help prevent things like amnesia. It’s important to bear in mind, though, that these studies were conducted on people who had experienced brain trauma, not healthy individuals who were looking for a cognitive boost.

Another mechanism of vinpocetine is its ability to interact with several major ion channels (think calcium, potassium, and sodium). This means that it can possibly have a suppressive effect on neuroprotection and neurotransmitter release if glutamate or dopamine are also suppressed. This is important because some studies show that dopamine and glutamate can cause oxidative damage if they’re overstimulated by toxins. High dopamine levels can cause a feeling of agitation or anxiety, and too much glutamate can make you feel tired.

Lastly, vinpocetine has a mechanism that is a PDE1 inhibitor. This means that it has the ability to both enhance your cognition and protect your heart from disease. The research on this is still fairly nascent and this effect appears to require a dosage much larger than most users get in a supplement, but the link is promising.

Where Can I Get Vinpocetine?

Since vinpocetine is synthetic, there aren’t any naturally occurring dietary sources of it. You have the option to add it to your stack as a standalone supplement; some people find it stacks well with Piracetum and ginko biloba. There are also a lot of supplement blends containing vinpocetine. If that sounds like a better fit for you, EBOOST drink powders contain vinpocetine in their recipe.

Have you tried vinpocetine? Did it improve your memory? Tell us about it in the comments.

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Photo: Rhodiola Rosea by Bjoertvedt via Wikimedia Commons.

What Are Adaptogens?

Adaptogens are compounds that can help to limit the amount of stress your body experiences if taken in advance of an event that itself causes stress. Adaptogens are a somewhat understudied group of compounds; though many have been in use for centuries, there’s no single accepted definition for them. They’re a very diverse group of substances; they don’t come from one family or have one use. Also, adaptogens don’t all necessarily have the same mechanisms. Some adaptogens aren’t even really nootropics at all, by some estimations. Most people in the nootropic community agree that an adaptogen must be a naturally occurring nontoxic and nonspecific compound that has a normalizing impact on the user’s physiology.

Since there are so many things adaptogens can be, companies use them to make a wide variety of claims ranging from longer lifespan to increased libido to heightened well-being.

What Are Some Examples of Adaptogens?

Since the word adaptogen covers a wider variety of herbs, it’s no surprise that there’s some debate about what is and isn’t part of this group. There are a few common adaptogens that aren’t as controversial, though rhodiola rosea and ashwagandha make the cut and are agreed upon as adaptogens by most people in the nootropics community.

Ashwagandha is widely considered an adaptogen because it can help prevent the mental slowing that comes with aging and stress. For example, ashwagandha can act as an anti-anxiety agent, which helps some users lower the amount of stress their bodies experiences in tough situations. Over time, the stress that comes from anxiety can wear on your nervous system, which may make you less sharp and clear.

Rhodiola rosea is another very popular adaptogen in many nootropic supplements. It has been used for centuries as an anti-fatigue supplement, and there is some research that suggests it can also help the body repair after exercise. Like ashwagandha, rhodiola rosea can also help regulate anxiety in users, which helps keep stress and the damage that follows it at bay.

While the research is not yet conclusive, many users report that taking a supplement that contain adaptogens has helped them achieve the cognitive and physical benefits they’re seeking in their nootropic stack.

Where Can I Get Adaptogens?

Since the word adaptogen covers so many different supplements, there are lots of ways to work them into your stack. Nootrobox RISE contains both rhodiola rosea and bacopa monnieri, another herb some consider adaptogenic. Many users say Nootrobox RISE helps them deal with stress like a well-designed adaptogen compound should. Neurofuse also contains both of these herbs but in different amounts and stacked with other things, so Neurofuse could work well for a user who wants the stress reducing effects of an adaptogen but wants a boost of energy, too.

Have you tried an adaptogen in your stack? What’s your favorite? Tell us about your experience in the comments.

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What is theanine?

Theanine (also called L-theanine or 5-N-Ethyl-Glutamine in some ingredient lists) is an amino acid that can act as a non-sedating relaxant for many users. It’s been making a big stir as a dietary supplement in recent years, because while it isn’t one of the essential amino acids and is not commonly found in most diets, it could be beneficial for many and has a slew of applications. The only natural dietary source of theanine is green tea, so you’ve probably already had some at some point without even realizing it. Unfortunately, it occurs at too low a level to be therapeutic unless you consume a lot of green tea, so most of us haven’t gotten to experience its calming effects.

At its root, theanine can help you reduce stress and relax without putting you to sleep. While theanine lets some users de-stress, it also tends to help sharpen the impact of certain stimulants, like caffeine. With so many potential benefits, consider timing your dosage to get the outcome you want.

When should I take theanine?

Theanine stacks well with caffeine, some research suggests you should take one alongside the other at a two-to-one ratio. Some users report anecdotally that it helps take the “edge” off a cup of coffee and makes them less jittery. There’s also evidence that it will enhance the increased energy and concentration that caffeine brings. This is theanine’s primary draw for nootropics users, so you will frequently see it listed as an ingredient in cognition-oriented supplements. If this is what you’re hoping to experience with theanine, your best bet may be to take 200 milligrams with 100 milligrams of caffeine or one cup of coffee first thing in the morning.

Some people prefer to use theanine to regulate their anxiety, either alone or as part of their overall regimen. It’s unusual to find relaxants that don’t make you drowsy, so this is a good solution for many people who struggle with anxiety but also want to stay sharp. This kind of theanine user has best results when they take theanine throughout the day, typically along with their meals.

If you don’t like coffee and don’t struggle with unwanted anxiety, there’s strong evidence that links it to better sleep, which is linked to myriad health and wellness benefits. Some people like to take a little theanine at a time throughout the day to prepare for sleep, while others have reported good outcomes taking their daily dose of theanine in the evening as part of their bedtime routine.

Since there are so many ways theanine can benefit you, time your intake to get the effects you want.

Where can I get theanine?

You’ll get some of the benefits of theanine just from drinking a few cups of green tea each day, but if you’d like to fully experience what theanine can do, your best bet may be a supplement.

Nootrobox’s SPRINT and Go Cubes offer theanine paired with caffeine and B vitamins to increase concentration and alertness, while Coffee Blenders has coffee with theanine blended right in it so you don’t have to remember your supplement. It’s important to keep in mind that everyone’s body is different; some users report better results if they take their theanine supplement about 45 minutes to an hour before they have caffeine in any form.

If it’s the anti-anxiety or sleep-improving properties of theanine you want to tap into, you might be better off to take your supplement sans stimulants, whether that’s as a stand alone or as part of a calming blend of other compounds.

Have you used theanine? Did it help you concentrate? When did you take it? Share with us in the comments.

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